Deception: Theory and Practice - Military Deception, Army Doctrine, World War II, Vietnam, Desert Storm, Post Cold War, Surprise, Freedom of Action, Mislead the Target, Subversion, Mental Isolation

This excellent report has been professionally converted for accurate flowing-text e-book format reproduction. This thesis explores the history of U.S. Army deception and doctrine, and combines the insights gained with the various works on deception, cognitive psychology, communications, and decision-making in order to distill a concise handbook for deception practitioners. A longitudinal review of U.S. Army doctrine reveals a wide variation in the treatment of deception, from emphasized to ignored. This variation can be primarily explained by the U.S. preference for the cumulative destruction style of war and the perceived balance of power between the U.S. and its adversaries. This thesis strives to fill the current doctrinal gap by distilling the existing body of work to create a theory of deception in the military context. The theory presented provides a cogent structure, taxonomy, and lexicon; as well as, emphasis on how deception functions within the frameworks of communications and decision-making. Next, a synthesis of the practice of deception is presented, with a focus on deception planning and the essential elements of deception practice. Examples of U.S. use of deception from the Revolutionary War to Operation DESERT STORM are presented to provide illumination on the utility and use of deception. Finally, the thesis provides recommendations on how to organize for deception operations.

CHAPTER I * INTRODUCTION * A. BACKGROUND * B. HYPOTHESES * C. SCOPE AND SIGNIFICANCE * D. METHODOLOGY * CHAPTER II * DECEPTION IN U.S. ARMY DOCTRINE * A. PRE-WORLD WAR II ERA * B. WORLD WAR II ERA * C. POST WORLD WAR II THROUGH VIETNAM * D. POST VIETNAM ERA THROUGH DESERT STORM * E. POST COLD WAR ERA * F. CONCLUSIONS OF DOCTRINE REVIEW * CHAPTER III * EXPLANATIONS FOR VARIATION OF DECEPTION EMPHASIS * A. THE AMERICAN WAY OF WAR * 1. Styles of War * 2. American Preference for Cumulative Destruction * 3. Balance of Power * B. PROFESSIONAL OFFICER CLASS * C. OVER-CLASSIFICATION * D. MORALITY * E. CONCLUSION * CHAPTER IV * THEORY OF DECEPTION * A. WHAT IS DECEPTION * 1. Deception Defined * 2. Deception: Truth and Lies * B. TAXONOMY OF DECEPTION * 1. Taxonomy of Method * 2. Deception * 3. Active Deception * a. Displays * b. Feints * c. Demonstrations * d. Disinformation * 4. Cover * a. Camouflage * b. Denial * 5. Alternate Deception Taxonomies * a. Commission and Omission * b. Level of Sophistication * c. Effect-Based * C. DECEPTION AND UNCERTAINTY * 1. Uncertainty * 2. A-Type Deception * 3. M-Type Deception. * D. THE WHY OF DECEPTION * 1. Overview * 2. Surprise * 3. Freedom of Action * 4. Save Lives and Resources * 5. Mislead the Target * 6. Relative Superiority * 7. Security * 8. Subversion * 9. Mental Isolation * E. COMMUNICATIONS PROCESS OF DECEPTION * 1. Overview of Communications * 2. Indicators * 3. Channels * 4. Deception's Role in the Communications Process * F. DECEPTION AND TARGET DECISION-MAKING * 1. Observe * 2. Orient * a. Cultural Schemata * b. Personal Schemata * c. Cognitive Biases and Heuristics * d. Results of Orientation * 3. Decide * 4. Act * G. DECEPTION PROCESS * 1. Bell and Whaley * 2. See-Think-Do * 3. Revised Deception Process * CHAPTER V * PRACTICE OF MILITARY DECEPTION * A. DECEPTION PLANNING PROCESS * 1. Mission Analysis * a. Information Requirements * 2. Planning Guidance * 3. Planning Methodology * a. DO * b. THINK * c. SEE * 4. Deception Means * a. Physical * b. Cyber Electromagnetic * c. Administrative * 5. Execution and Assessment * a. Execution * b. Assessment * 6. Termination * B. PRINCIPLES OF DECEPTION * 1. Know the Target and Exploit Existing Perceptions * a. Understand the Target * b. Exploit Existing Perceptions * c. Avoiding Windfalls * 2. Security is Paramount * 3. Utilize Flexibility, Variety, and Conditioning * a. Flexibility * b. Variety * c. Conditioning * 4. Coordination and Control * a. Control * b. Coordination * 5. Requirement for Target Action