The Sources of Protracted Conflict in the Western Sahara: Algerian Hegemony, Spanish Decolonization, Ceasefire, UN Problems, Algeria and Polisario Front, SADR, Tindouf Region, Morocco, ISIS, al-Qaeda

This important report has been professionally converted for accurate flowing-text e-book format reproduction. Since the ceasefire of 1991, Morocco and the POLISARIO Front have maintained a stalemate in the Western Sahara conflict. This obscure war, which recently surpassed forty years of hostilities, is at the center of a complex set of regional and foreign interests that encourage its prolongation. New threats in the Sahel, a region riddled with international crime, have brought the contest into focus as gravely important to world order. The UN and international community recognize the potential of this conflict to destabilize North Africa and southern Europe and seek ways forward. While the conflict has roots in superpower rivalry and Algerian-Moroccan competition for regional hegemony, other forces have contributed to its persistence. This study examines potential explanations for the persistence of the conflict, especially inadequate UN organizational structures, Moroccan nationalism, and Algerian domestic politics. Other factors that have received too little attention include competition for national resources, international geopolitics, the weakness of neighboring states, and lobbying by special-interest NGOs. Critical issues and potential areas of reform are identified and recommendations made to assist policymakers and strategists in reaching conflict resolution.
CHAPTER I - THE WESTERN SAHARA CONFLICT: OVERVIEW * A. MAJOR RESEARCH QUESTION * B. SIGNIFICANCE * 1. Escalating Humanitarian Crisis * 2. Security Concerns * 3. Criminal Activities * 4. South American Cocaine Trafficking * 5. Other Criminal Activity * 6. Islamist Radicalism Threat * C. LITERATURE REVIEW * 1. Algerian Hegemony * 2. Foreign Interests. * 3. Economic Interests And Natural Resources * 4. Failures of the United Nations * D. POTENTIAL EXPLANATIONS AND HYPOTHESES * E. METHODOLOGY * F. ORGANIZATION * CHAPTER II - CONFLICT OVERVIEW * A. ORIENTATION * B. PHASES OF THE CONFLICT * 1. History Leading up to the Occupation * 2. Spanish Decolonization (1956-1976) * 3. The Ceasefire (1976-1991) * 4. The Present (1992-2016) * CHAPTER III - PROBLEMS CONCERNING THE UN * A. SPAIN AND INSURGENCY * B. MOROCCAN OBSTRUCTIONISM * 1. Sponsorship of a Militia * 2. ICJ Intervention * 3. The Green March * 4. Security Reinforcements * 5. Questions of Voter Eligibility * 6. Claims of Sovereignty * C. U.S. AND FRENCH FAVORITISM * D. INEFFECTUAL PEACEKEEPING * E. STRUCTURAL FLAWS IN THE PEACEKEEPING MISSION * 1. Staffing * 2. Disorganization and Lack of Oversight * 3. Limited Capabilities * CHAPTER IV - ALGERIA AND THE POLISARIO FRONT * A. BACKGROUND * B. ALGERIA'S DOMESTIC POLITICS * 1. The Internal Struggle for Power * 2. Organized Crime and Corruption in Government * 3. Algeria's Creation of Terror * 4. Domestic Terrorism * 5. DRS Manipulation of the POLISARIO * 6. The Religious Right and the Christian Lobby * C. THE POWER OF WEAK NEIGHBORS * D. CONCLUSION * CHAPTER V - CONCLUSION * A. FINDINGS * B. POLICY IMPLICATIONS